The Chemicals Group is active in below business CATEGORIES:
Our Commodity Chemicals such as petrochemicals,
and fertilizers also Aromatic chemicals and their derivative products,
olefins, raw materials for plastics and synthetic fibers, phenol,
industrial salts, caustic soda, PVC raw materials, chlorine products and others.
Trade Chemicals, including plastics and functional products and also
Methanol, ethanol, ammonia, sulfur, sulfuric acid, other raw materials
for fertilizers, fertilizer products, industrial mining products and others.
Principal markets cover numerous industries, including petrochemicals,
industrial chemicals, energy, automobiles, construction, paint and adhesives,
electrical products and electronics, semi-conductors, communications equipment,
textiles, apparel, fertilizer and agricultural chemicals, agriculture and livestock,
food and foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and medical supplies, and distribution.
By offering a wide array of products and services in so many industries,
we are helping people to enjoy a better quality of life.
Many consumer-related fields such as clothing, food and housing are associated
with the chemicals industry. Our business group leverages the unique attributes
of this industry and provides the most pertinent and up-to date information to
MC and our consumers. In doing so, we continue to add new links to our global
value chain.
Petrochemicals are chemicals made from petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.
Petroleum and natural gas are made up of hydrocarbon molecules,
which are comprised of one or more carbon atoms,
to which hydrogen atoms are attached.
Currently, oil and gas are the main sources of the raw materials because they are the
least expensive, most readily available, and can be processed most easily into the
primary petrochemicals listed on the left.
Only about five percent of the oil and gas consumed each year is needed to make
all the petrochemical products.
Petrochemicals have had a dramatic impact on our food, clothing, shelter and leisure.
Some synthetics, tailored for particular uses, actually perform better than products
made by nature because of their unique properties.
Primary Petrochemicals:
Primary Petrochemicals include olefins (ethylene, propylene and butadiene),
aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) and methanol.
Olefins are unsaturated molecules of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) that appear
as short chains, of two, three or four carbons in length.
Aromatics contain a six carbon ring structure.
The oxygen/hydrogen (OH) group in methanol denotes that it is an alcohol.
Intermediates and Derivatives:
Petrochemical intermediates are generally produced by chemical conversion
of primary petrochemicals to form more complicated derivative products (see graphic on the left).
Petrochemical derivative products can be made in a variety of ways: directly
from primary petrochemicals,
through intermediate products, which still contain only carbon and hydrogen,
and through intermediates which incorporate chlorine, nitrogen or oxygen in the finished derivative.
In some cases, they are finished products, in others, more steps are needed to arrive at the desired composition.
Of all the processes used, one of the most important is polymerization. It is used in the production of plastics,
fibers and synthetic rubber, the main finished petrochemical derivatives.
Some typical petrochemical intermediates are:
Vinyl acetate for paint paper and textile coatings
Vinyl chloride for polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Resin manufacture
Ethylene glycol for polyester textile fibers
Styrene which is important in rubber and plastic manufacturing.
Polymers are substances containing a large number of smaller,
identical molecules (called monomers) linked together.
These substances often form into a chain-like structure.
Polymers have extremely high molecular weights and the chains
may differ from one another in their molecular weights.
Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the
aluminum, copper and steel industries combined.
Polymers already have a wide range of applications that far
exceeds that of any other class of material available.
Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams,
and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibers,
composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices,
and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics.
Polyethylene is
a petrochemical product used in packaging, bottles,
bottle caps, fuel tanks, pipes and toys.
MAKE Inc produces a wide range of PE from low-density (LDPE)
and linear low-density (LLDPE)
to high molecular weight high-density (HDPE).
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE):
High Density Polyethylene is a rigid, tough and strong resin of natural milky color.
HDPE has very good stress crack resistance as well as high impact and melt strength.
HDPE is appropriate for personal care, beverages, food and chemicals.
It lends itself particularly well to blow molding.
Year after year, the use of polyethylene pipes for various
distribution systems gains increasingly important position thanks
to its numerous advantages of PE pipes in comparison to pipes made
of other materials:
• Low specific mass – easy transport and assembly.
• Good elasticity – good adaptability to the terrain.
• Smooth inner surface – low pressure drops and prevention of
deposits on the internal walls after long usage.
• High corrosion resistance – excellent resistance to aggressive media and surrounding soils.
• High chemical resistance – numerous possibilities for transport of various fluids.
• Work temperature up to +60°C, while in short time intervals temperatures may achieve +80°C.
• Resistance to low temperatures.
• Possibility of joining with welding.
• Fittings are produced from the same material as pipes which ensures specially safe and
effective joint high quality which guarantees a long lasting usability.
Use of polyethylene pipes has become standard in construction due to their exploitation
and installation properties.
Resistance and stability of polyethylene pipes, their inertness, long life,
terrain adaptability and easy mounting, are advantages in comparison to other
types of pipes and justify their increasing use for water and natural gas transport
and for installation of telecommunication and electrical cables.
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications,
including food packaging, textiles, laboratory equipment, automotive components,
and polymer banknotes. It is unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids.
It is much less brittle than HDPE.
Polypropylene has very good resistance to fatigue, so that most plastic living hinges,
such as those on flip-top bottles (Tic Tacs), are made from this material.
It is used in creation of various products, both indermediates and end-user, such as:
HomoPolymers
Random Copolymers
Heterophasic Copolymers
Acrylonitryle Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
Polycarbonate
Crystal Melamine
Epoxy Resins
Polypropylene is available in various grades in a melt flow
rate range of 3.0 to 25.0 dg/min, which covers applications for major film,
injection molding, and coarse and fine fiber markets.
The base polymer of each Polypropylene grade and its respective
formulation is specifically designed for optimal processability
and end-product performance.
Availability:
Polypropylene is available in polyethylene bags with a net weight of 25 kg,
each shipped in a wrapped palletized form. It can also be provided in bulk
by road bulk carriers or at containers.
Polyvinyl Chloride is a widely-used plastic. PVC containers offer clarity, durability and chemical resistance. They are primarily used for household goods such as soaps and cleaners, chemicals and personal care items. The material is often used for pipelines in the water and sewer industries because of its inexpensive nature and flexibility.
Polyethylene Terephthalate is a strong, lightweight plastic resin
and form of polyester that closely resembles glass in clarity and takes colorants well.
PET is commonly used in food packaging due to its strong barrier properties
against water vapor, dilute acids, gases, oils and alcohols.
PET is also shatter-resistant, slightly flexible and easy to recycle.
There are 2 versions of PET:
Bottle Grade PET Textile Grade PET
Polystyrene comes in many shapes and forms,
from foam egg cartons and meat trays, to soup bowls and salad boxes.
It protects against moisture and maintains its strength and shape even
after long periods of time.
There are 3 versions of Polystyrene:
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS)
Expandable Polystyrene (EPS)
Chemicals are substances formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients
in definite proportion by weight.
They are produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules.
Generally, "chemicals" refers to a much wider class of substances that includes many
mixtures of chemical substances that often find application in many vocations.
There are two major types of chemicals:
-Inorganic Chemicals are compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon groups.
-Organic Chemicals are compounds containing hydrocarbon groups.
Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods, as well as thousands inputs to
agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and service industries.
There are various types of chemicals such as:
Methanol Acetic Acid Sodium Carbonate Heavy Hydrogen Chloride
Di Ethylene Glycol (DEG) Soda Ash Caustic Soda MTBE
Crystal Melamine Chlorine Nitrogen
Aromatics are types of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum,
characterized by one or more six-carbon rings (benzene rings)
molecular structure and 'sweet' or aromatic odor.
Benzene, toluene, and xylenes are the most common aromatics,
and are extensively used in the chemical industry as chemical
feedstocks, solvents, and as additives to gasoline to raise its octane rating.
Most common aromatics are:
Benzene Ortho-Xylene Para Xylene Mixed-Xylene Toluene
Liquified gases and feedstocks are substances used especially as
fuels or as raw materials supplied to processing plant for chemical synthesis.
Some hydrocarbons such as ethylene, 1-3 butadiene, propane and
butane are classified in this category.
Most commonly used substances of this category are:
Propane Butane Ethylene Pentane Plus (C5+)
Raffinate (C6-Non Aromatic)
Dry Pyrolysis Gasoline (DPG) 1-3 Butadiene
C4-Raffinate Butene-1 LPG C4-CUT Propylene
Polypropylene-PI080 Raffinate C6- Non Aromatic Ethylene Dichloride
In order for a plant to grow and thrive, it needs a number of different chemical elements.
The most important are:
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen – Available from air and water and therefore in plentiful
supply Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (a.k.a. potash) – The three macronutrients and
the three elements you find in most packaged fertilizers Sulfur, calcium,
and magnesium – Secondary nutrients Boron, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese,
molybdenum and zinc – Micronutrients.
The most important of these (the ones that are needed in the largest quantity by a plant)
are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are important
because they are necessary for these basic building blocks.
For example: Every amino acid contains nitrogen.
Every molecule making up every cell’s membrane contains phosphorous
(the membrane molecules are called phospholipids), and so does every molecule
of ATP (the main energy source of all cells).
Potassium makes up 1 percent to 2 percent of the weight of any plant and,
as an ion in cells, is essential to metabolism. Without nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium, the plant simply cannot grow because it cannot make the pieces it needs.
It’s like a car factory running out of steel or a road crew running out of asphalt.
If any of the macronutrients are missing or hard to obtain from the soil,
this will limit the growth rate for the plant. In nature, the nitrogen, phosphorous
and potassium often come from the decay of plants that have died.
In the case of nitrogen, the recycling of nitrogen from dead to living plants
is often the only source of nitrogen in the soil.
To make plants grow faster, what you need to do is supply the elements that the
plants need in readily available forms. That is the goal of fertilizer.
Chemical fertilizers are usually manufactured and have the advantage of low cost.
The commonly used synthetic fertilizers consist almost entirely of nitrogen,
potassium and phosphorus in forms that are readily utilized by plants.
Most commonly used fertilizers are:
Anhydrous Liquid Ammonia Urea Explosive Ammonium Nitrate
Agricalture Ammonium Nitrate Granular Sulphur Ammonium Sulphate
Ammonia Sulphate Di Ammonium Phosphate
Urea has surpassed and nearly replaced ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer.
It is a white crystalline solid containing 46% nitrogen, is widely used in
the agricultural industry as an animal feed additive and fertilizer.
Urea (46-0-0) usually has the lowest cost per pound of nitrogen compared
to other single-element nitrogen fertilizers. Commercially, fertilizer urea
can be purchased as prills or as a granulated material. In the past,
it was usually produced by dropping liquid urea from a “prilling tower”
while drying the product.
Advantages of Fertilizer Urea
It can be applied to soil as a solid or solution or to certain crops as a foliar spray.
Urea usage involves little or no fire or explosion hazard.
It has high analysis, 46% N, helps reduce handling, storage and transportation costs
over other dry N forms. when properly applied, results in crop yield increases equal
to other forms of nitrogen.
After application to the soil, urea undergoes chemical changes and ammonium (NH4 +) ions form.
Soil moisture determines how rapidly this conversion takes place.
When a urea particle dissolves, the area around it becomes a zone of high pH and ammonia
concentration. This zone can be quite toxic for a few hours. Seed and seedling roots
within this zone can be killed by the free ammonia that has formed. Fortunately,
this toxic zone becomes neutralized in most soils as the ammonia converts to ammonium.
Usually it’s just a few days before plants can effectively use the nitrogen.
With small grains, 10 lb. of nitrogen as urea can generally be applied with
the grain drill at seeding time even under dry conditions.
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions,
sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.
Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature.
Chemically, sulfur can react as either an oxidant or a reducing agent.
It oxidizes most metals and several nonmetals, including carbon, which leads to
its negative charge in most organosulfur compounds,
but it reduces several strong oxidants, such as oxygen and fluorine.
Elemental sulfur was once extracted from salt domes where it sometimes occurs
in nearly pure form, but this method has been obsolete since the late 20th century.
Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing
sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.
The element’s largest commercial use (after mostly being converted to sulfuric acid)
is to produce sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, because of the relatively high
requirement of plants for sulfur and phosphorus.
Sulfuric acid is also a primary industrial chemical outside fertilizer manufacture.
Other well-known uses for the element are in matches, insecticides and fungicides.
Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas,
skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide
produced by living organisms imparts the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and
other biological processes.
